Investigating Physicochemical Parameters, Microbiome, and Heavy Metals in the Nile River, Greater Cairo, Egypt

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

Bibliographic Information

Authors: El-Khayat H.M.M.; Shemis M.A.; Mamdouh S.; Mohammed W.A.; Abdel-Wareth M.T.A.

Journal: Environmental Health Engineering and Management

Publisher: Kerman University of Medical Sciences

Publication Date: 21 June 2026

Volume / Issue: Volume 13

Article No.: 1665

ISSN: 24233765

DOI: 10.34172/EHEM.1665

Scopus: View on Scopus

Document Type: Article

Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access

Authors and Affiliations

El-Khayat H.M.M., Environmental Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Shemis M.A., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Mamdouh S., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Mohammed W.A., Environmental Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Abdel-Wareth M.T.A., Environmental Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt

Abstract

Introduction: Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters and metal concentrations in water sources can affect the type and density of microorganisms. These microorganisms might include pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and viruses. This study aims to investigate contamination of Nile River water at Greater Cairo sites by examining the type of microbiome, physicochemical characteristics, and heavy metal concentrations. Methods: Nile water samples were seasonally collected and centrifuged, and their total DNA was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for qualitative detection of eubacteria, eukaryotes, and adenoviruses. Heavy metals were analyzed in water samples using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results: No adenoviruses were detected; 97.92% of the samples were positive for eukaryotes, 93.75% for Gram-positive bacteria, and 6.25% for Gram-negative bacteria. Although iron, cadmium, calcium, and copper concentrations were within permissible limits, lead and zinc exceeded the limits at certain sites, with maxima of 93.4 µg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that eukaryotes and Gram-positive bacteria showed positive correlations with temperature and pH, and negative correlations with Zn, Cd, Ca, and Fe. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen, and negatively correlated with temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, and Pb. Conclusion: Nile River water in Greater Cairo may be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and fungi. In addition, the physicochemical characteristics and metal pollution of Nile River water correlated with the microbiome type and density in the investigated sites. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

Keywords

Eukaryotes; Gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria; Lead; Temperature

Citation Information

Scopus Citations: 0

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