A multinational cross-sectional study on the prevalence and predictors of long COVID across 33 countries

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

Bibliographic Information

Authors: Zaazouee M.S.; Nada E.A.; Al-kafarna M.; Shaheen A.; Ramu S.K.; Hafez A.H.; Matar S.G.; Assar A.; Elshennawy M.; Abu El-Enien H.; Redwan H.J.; Elsayed S.M.; Omran M.J.; Salloum O.H.; Almadhoon H.; Mamdouh M.; Wahsh E.A.; Nourelden A.Z.; Elshanbary A.A.; Abdel-Aziz W.; Rashid H.H.; Basheti I.; Ragab K.M.; Masoud A.T.; Abushouk A.I.; Onyango M.; Al-Khadher A.; Alsoufi A.M.; Yousef N.M.; Maknoon A.S.; Al-Akhdhary A.S.A.A.; Kenna O.; Aboumedian F.Z.; Bouhajra M.; Kessab S.; Aboumedian A.; Aji N.; Ahumada P.L.; Rosero T.E.B.; Valencia C.A.U.; Castro I.R.C.; Mancia C.E.H.; Neyyar F.; Khaled E.; Mehmetoğlu M.; Zahra O.; Doğan S.; Zekey Z.C.; Clovis I.; Japhet M.; Bénit N.; Kévin I.; Carmella I.D.; Harushimana C.; Carine M.; Bosco M.; Fabrice N.; Prieto E.E.R.; Jácome K.A.C.; Estrada P.M.D.; Hernandez C.P.; Collahuazo W.A.E.; Chalco M.J.R.; Guerrero M.A.M.; Jima J.C.P.; Estrella A.; Flabe A.H.; Mou F.E.; Mohamed A.; Saha A.; Ahmed S.; Murad K.H.; Ismail A.; Farhat S.; Hammoud Z.; Ali Z.M.; Ghaddar S.A.; Jamal M.E.; Amensisa E.D.; Hagos E.H.; Girma S.M.; Gemechu F.A.; Negussie M.A.; Belay F.M.; Beesetty A.; Quader K.S.; Chowdhury A.A.N.; Aslam F.; Saikat S.N.; Shahriar H.; Liza S.S.; Akhi N.T.; Haque M.A.; Bhatele R.; Verma A.; Vaibhav A.; Nair D.; Cherian N.A.; Jouda N.E.H.B.; Alomari H.A.Y.M.; Affoni W.S.A.M.; Roy S.; Mahdi M.S.; Regi K.; Thomas J.E.; AlHoda M.M.; Qassim T.; Alabadla M.A.O.; Ghattas P.; Abdelmonem E.; Petric R.; Buta B.A.; Andrei-Iulian E.; Darius-Gabriel R.; Pop M.A.; Pop P.A.; Nicolae-Dochian R.; Doru M.; Dariana P.; Ellethy H.; Shohayeb B.; lekhak V.; Khatri B.D.; Awal S.; Gwachha S.; Abdi D.A.; Jabbar H.K.; Ibraheem M.; Khalaf H.R.; Khalaf F.R.; Hussein D.S.; Farj J.W.; Tavakkoli S.; Muhammad B.S.; Daniel J.O.I.; Adedeji A.-A.A.; Chiemekam O.F.; Abikoye J.E.; Adam Y.F.; Bisoye D.A.; Abdulkarim M.; Chikezie N.C.; Hamza H.A.; Asghar S.; Zaidi S.K.H.; Ikram J.; Ahmed A.; panhwar I.U.; Qamar F.; Liaqat S.; Khan A.; Hilal S.; Absar S.; Bhutto A.A.; Mughal G.M.; Stamatis K.; Izountouemoi G.E.; Danai P.; Karakosta A.; Samara E.; Tango T.; Sosiawan A.; Rizky B.N.; Bramantoro T.; Sitalaksmi R.M.; Rizqiawan A.; Ernawati D.S.; Ridwan R.D.; Nugraha A.P.; Ramadhani N.F.; Setyowati D.; Arsalan H.H.; Touka D.; Alkhraibat A.A.; Alabdullah S.S.; Alsafadi W.F.; Odeh R.S.; AlAdwan M.M.; Aljeradat B.G.M.; Al-Qaryouti R.A.; Abumurra N.M.; Tannous L.A.; Awamleh T.N.; Elkishik Z.A.A.; Ishqair A.; Alazq E.E.; Hijazi H.A.; Almehdawi K.A.; Abushiba M.A.; Elzahaf R.A.; Abushaala F.I.; Egzait R.A.; Ibreerah A.H.; Benismail I.M.; Abdulali F.A.; Alsharif F.A.; Ismail F.; Merghani I.H.A.E.; Elkareem F.A.E.M.A.; Alhakari H.A.; Abdelmgeed W.I.M.; Thabit S.F.A.; Basrawi B.A.M.; Ibrahim F.E.E.M.; Magzoub H.; Elobeid R.A.; mohamedahmed R.S.; Omer T.A.H.; Abdelraheem E.M.H.; Belay S.A.; Khired Z.; Abd El Razek Ibrahim Mady W.; Aboregela A.M.; Alharbi A.A.; Alrshedi S.M.; Almeer J.; Kherbache A.; Memmou B.; Amrani M.Z.; Khellafi R.; Belmerabet H.; Hammoumi H.; Chaib S.; Meguellatni H.E.; Belhocine B.; Rais M.A.; Alhosni H.; Malih A.N.; Alashkar E.S.A.; Dalati L.; Radeef S.A.; Al Hosni A.M.M.; Moustafa N.H.; Aldeeb H.; Ibrahim R.H.; Alibrahem G.M.; Shetia A.G.A.; Abouelmagd K.; Elshafey G.M.; Elghany A.M.R.A.; Ezz M.R.; Elsaied M.S.; Masoud M.A.; Akhtar M.S.; Jakharia P.; Noela W.J.; Patel H.G.; Hussein N.A.; Cyrus K.; Chaudhry T.H.; Zaho N.M.A.-A.M.; Filho R.S.; Seabra J.V.E.; de Sousa F.C.; Deltreggia F.; Roncon G.M.; Gomes V.C.; Darian A.Q.; Elhady M.M.; Ramadan R.S.; Tawfeek S.E.; Moustafa T.R.; Saber A.M.; Elhameed M.A.; Ali M.M.; Soliman H.A.; Elsayed M.A.; Elgendy D.S.; Abdalraouf M.M.; Mahmoud A.M.; Gebremeskel B.A.; Mahmoud E.S.; Ibrahim D.O.Y.; Fathallah A.H.; Al Zaalan N.M.; Jabari A.Y.; Al-Ali F.H.; Abusabha S.E.; Aljuneidi R.M.; Badawi M.Y.; Deeb Y.M.; Elhajjar S.A.; Turk S.U.; AbdAlrazeq Y.R.; Khrawat H.R.; Almaghary B.K.; El-deen A.M.N.; Alwarraqi A.G.; Hamed A.A.H.; Saleh A.A.

Journal: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Research

Publication Date: 3 August 2025

Volume / Issue: Volume 15 / Issue 1

Article No.: 28299

ISSN: 20452322

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-10120-z

Scopus: View on Scopus

PubMed: 40754541

Document Type: Article

Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access

Authors and Affiliations

Zaazouee M.S., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Nada E.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt; Al-kafarna M., School of Public Health, Al-Quds University - Abu Dees, Jerusalem, Palestine; Shaheen A., Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Ramu S.K., Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; Hafez A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Matar S.G., Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Assar A., Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Menofia, Shibin El Kom, Egypt; Elshennawy M., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Abu El-Enien H., PureHealth, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Redwan H.J., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Elsayed S.M., Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Omran M.J., Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Salloum O.H., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Almadhoon H., Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Mamdouh M., Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Wahsh E.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Nourelden A.Z., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Elshanbary A.A., Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Abdel-Aziz W., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Rashid H.H., Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Basheti I., Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ragab K.M., Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt; Masoud A.T., Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Abushouk A.I., Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Onyango M., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Al-Khadher A., Thamar University Faculty of Medicine, Thamar, Yemen; Alsoufi A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Aden, Yemen; Yousef N.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of London, London, United Kingdom; Maknoon A.S., College of Medicine, University of Hadhramout, Hadhramout, Yemen; Al-Akhdhary A.S.A.A., Dermatology Resident et al-Thawra Hospital- Arab Board of Health Specialization, Sanaa, Yemen; Kenna O., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Aboumedian F.Z., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Bouhajra M., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Kessab S., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Aboumedian A., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Aji N., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Ahumada P.L., CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Rosero T.E.B., CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Valencia C.A.U., CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Castro I.R.C., Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Mancia C.E.H., Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Neyyar F., Pharmacist In Charge, Protos Pharmaceuticals, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Khaled E., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Mehmetoğlu M., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Zahra O., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Doğan S., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Zekey Z.C., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Clovis I., Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Japhet M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Bénit N., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Kévin I., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Carmella I.D., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Harushimana C., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Carine M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Bosco M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Fabrice N., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Prieto E.E.R., Hospital de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Residente Pediatria, León-Guanajuato, Mexico; Jácome K.A.C., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico; Estrada P.M.D., CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; Hernandez C.P., Fundacion Vozandes, Quito, Carapungo, Ecuador; Collahuazo W.A.E., Universidad Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Chalco M.J.R., Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador; Guerrero M.A.M., Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador; Jima J.C.P., Hospital Shell, Pastaza Province, Shell, Mera Canton, Ecuador; Estrella A., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Flabe A.H., Clinical Trial Coordinator, BADAS Paediatric Diabetes Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Mou F.E., Radiology & Imaging, Mugda Medical Collage Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Mohamed A., School of Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Saha A., Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Ahmed S., Emergency Medical Officer, Oasis Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Murad K.H., BDRCS Field Hospital, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society, PMO, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh; Ismail A., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Farhat S., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Hammoud Z., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Ali Z.M., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Ghaddar S.A., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Jamal M.E., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Amensisa E.D., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hagos E.H., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girma S.M., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gemechu F.A., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Negussie M.A., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Belay F.M., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Beesetty A., Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Quader K.S., East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust - Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Chowdhury A.A.N., China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang, China; Aslam F., International Food and Drug Policy Law and Research Center, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Saikat S.N., Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan, China; Shahriar H., Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Liza S.S., Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Akhi N.T., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Haque M.A., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, China, Department of Public Health, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Bhatele R., Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Verma A., Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Vaibhav A., Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Nair D., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Cherian N.A., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Jouda N.E.H.B., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Alomari H.A.Y.M., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Affoni W.S.A.M., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Roy S., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Mahdi M.S., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Regi K., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Thomas J.E., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; AlHoda M.M., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Qassim T., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Alabadla M.A.O., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Ghattas P., Fairleigh Dickinson University, Morris County, NJ, United States; Abdelmonem E., Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Petric R., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Buta B.A., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Andrei-Iulian E., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Darius-Gabriel R., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Pop M.A., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Pop P.A., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Nicolae-Dochian R., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Doru M., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Dariana P., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Ellethy H., School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; Shohayeb B., Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; lekhak V., Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Khatri B.D., Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal; Awal S., School of International Education, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Hainan, Haikou, China; Gwachha S., Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Abdi D.A., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Jabbar H.K., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Ibraheem M., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Khalaf H.R., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Khalaf F.R., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Hussein D.S., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Farj J.W., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Tavakkoli S., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran; Muhammad B.S., College of Health Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Daniel J.O.I., Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adedeji A.-A.A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Chiemekam O.F., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abikoye J.E., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Adam Y.F., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Bisoye D.A., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abdulkarim M., Faculty of Health Science, National Open University, Minna Study Center, Niger, Nigeria; Chikezie N.C., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Hamza H.A., Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan; Asghar S., Department of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan; Zaidi S.K.H., Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Ikram J., Jr Hospital Pharmacist, Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine’s Patient Welfare Society, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan; Ahmed A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; panhwar I.U., Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Qamar F., Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Liaqat S., Department of Pharmacy, Lahore College Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Khan A., Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan; Hilal S., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Absar S., College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Bhutto A.A., College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Mughal G.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Stamatis K., Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece; Izountouemoi G.E., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Danai P., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Karakosta A., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Samara E., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Tango T., Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Sosiawan A., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Rizky B.N., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Bramantoro T., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Sitalaksmi R.M., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Rizqiawan A., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Ernawati D.S., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Ridwan R.D., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Nugraha A.P., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Ramadhani N.F., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Setyowati D., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Arsalan H.H., Faculty of Pharmacy, Duhok University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Touka D., Faculty of Pharmacy, Duhok University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Alkhraibat A.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Alabdullah S.S., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Alsafadi W.F., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Odeh R.S., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; AlAdwan M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Aljeradat B.G.M., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Al-Qaryouti R.A., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Abumurra N.M., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Tannous L.A., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Awamleh T.N., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Elkishik Z.A.A., Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan; Ishqair A., Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan; Alazq E.E., Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Hijazi H.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Almehdawi K.A., Ministry of Health, Benghazi, Libya; Abushiba M.A., Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Tarhuna, Libya; Elzahaf R.A., Department of Public Health, College of Medical Technology, Derna, Libya, MENA Research Group, Derna, Libya; Abushaala F.I., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Egzait R.A., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Ibreerah A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Benismail I.M., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Abdulali F.A., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Alsharif F.A., Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Ismail F., Department Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya, National Centre for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya, Libyan Medical Research Centre, Kambut, Tobruk, Libya; Merghani I.H.A.E., Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Elkareem F.A.E.M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Alhakari H.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Abdelmgeed W.I.M., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Thabit S.F.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Basrawi B.A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Ibrahim F.E.E.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Magzoub H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Elobeid R.A., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; mohamedahmed R.S., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Omer T.A.H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Abdelraheem E.M.H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Belay S.A., Department of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Khired Z., Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia; Abd El Razek Ibrahim Mady W., King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Aboregela A.M., College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia; Alharbi A.A., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Alrshedi S.M., Faculty of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Almeer J., Dr. Haifa Eye Hospital, Manama, Bahrain; Kherbache A., Telecommunications Engineer, Jaen University, Jaén, Spain; Memmou B., Faculty of Medicine, Batna University, Batna, Algeria; Amrani M.Z., Faculty of Medicine, Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran, Algeria; Khellafi R., Faculty of Medicine, Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran, Algeria; Belmerabet H., Faculty of Medicine, Salah Boubnider University, Constantine, Algeria; Hammoumi H., Faculty of Medicine, Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria; Chaib S., Faculty of Medicine, Constantine, Algeria; Meguellatni H.E., Faculty of Medicine, Constantine, Algeria; Belhocine B., Faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria; Rais M.A., Faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria; Alhosni H., Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Malih A.N., Faculty of Medicine, University of Kalamoon, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Deir Atiyah, Syrian Arab Republic; Alashkar E.S.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Dalati L., Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Radeef S.A., Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Al Hosni A.M.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Ghabaghib, Syrian Arab Republic; Moustafa N.H., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tartous University, Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic; Aldeeb H., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic; Ibrahim R.H., Taqati Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic; Alibrahem G.M., Faculty of Health, Upo University, Novara, Italy; Shetia A.G.A., Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Abouelmagd K., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt; Elshafey G.M., Electron Microscope Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Elghany A.M.R.A., Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Ezz M.R., Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Elsaied M.S., Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Masoud M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Akhtar M.S., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Jakharia P., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Noela W.J., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Patel H.G., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Hussein N.A., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Cyrus K., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Chaudhry T.H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Zaho N.M.A.-A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Filho R.S., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Seabra J.V.E., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; de Sousa F.C., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Deltreggia F., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Roncon G.M., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Gomes V.C., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Darian A.Q., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Elhady M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Qalubiya, Egypt; Ramadan R.S., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Tawfeek S.E., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Moustafa T.R., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Saber A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Elhameed M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Ali M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Soliman H.A., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Elsayed M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Elgendy D.S., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Abdalraouf M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Mahmoud A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Gebremeskel B.A., ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mahmoud E.S., Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Ibrahim D.O.Y., Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Fathallah A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt; Al Zaalan N.M., Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Jabari A.Y., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Al-Ali F.H., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Abusabha S.E., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Aljuneidi R.M., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Badawi M.Y., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Deeb Y.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Elhajjar S.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Turk S.U., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; AbdAlrazeq Y.R., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Khrawat H.R., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Almaghary B.K., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; El-deen A.M.N., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Alwarraqi A.G., Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Hamed A.A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Saleh A.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

Abstract

The symptoms of long COVID (LC) can be debilitating and may be associated with anxiety, social stigma, and quality of life deterioration. Identifying patients at risk of LC is important to offer follow-up care and plan population-level public health measures. The current multinational study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of LC in the general population. We conducted an online, multinational, cross-sectional survey between April 2022 and January 2023, targeting participants 18 years and older with a previously confirmed COVID-19 infection. We used convenience sampling to recruit participants through an online Google form. We collected demographic data, past medical history, infection details, post-COVID-19 symptoms, and quality of life. Responses were then translated into English. LC was defined as per the World Health Organization. A single-variable analysis was conducted to identify factors significantly associated with LC development. Following the removal of multicollinear variables, a generalized linear model was established to estimate the contribution of different predictors to LC occurrence. A total of 11,801 respondents from 33 countries were included in the analysis. The mean age for participants was 32.7 ± 12.8 years, with 61% being females. BMI averaged 25.2 ± 4.8 across participants, and 14.8% of them were smokers. Seventy-eight percent of participants reported receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were then categorized into those with LC (N = 2335, 19.8%) and without LC (N = 9466 individuals, 80.2%). Our model identified 25 significant predictors. The predictors of higher LC risk included ICU admission (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.36, 3.18; P = 0.001), female sex (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.61, 2.02; P < 0.001), fatigue during the infection (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.43, 1.78; P < 0.001), identifying as Hispanic (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.26, 1.85; P < 0.001), and pre-existing gastrointestinal disease (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.22, 1.8; P < 0.001). In conclusion, we identified key LC predictors, including ICU admission, female sex, and acute fatigue as primary risk factors, while African American and Asian ethnicities and receiving even one dose of vaccination demonstrated protective effects. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords

Covid-19; Long Covid; Multi-national; Re-infection; Vaccination; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Young Adult; complication; coronavirus disease 2019; cross-sectional study; epidemiology; human; isolation and purification; risk factor; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Citation Information

Scopus Citations: 6

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