Orexins in apoptosis: a dual regulatory role

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

Bibliographic Information

Authors: Cavalu S.; Saber S.; Hamad R.S.; Abdel-Reheim M.A.; Elmorsy E.A.; Youssef M.E.

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Publication Date: 12 April 2024

Volume / Issue: Volume 18

Article No.: 1336145

ISSN: 16625102

DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336145

Scopus: View on Scopus

Document Type: Review

Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access

Authors and Affiliations

Cavalu S., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; Saber S., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt; Hamad R.S., Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Abdel-Reheim M.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt; Elmorsy E.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Youssef M.E., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt

Abstract

The orexins, also referred to as hypocretins, are neuropeptides that originate from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) region of the brain. They are composed of two small peptides, orexin-A, and orexin-B, which are broadly distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Orexins are recognized to regulate diverse functions, involving energy homeostasis, the sleep-wake cycle, stress responses, and reward-seeking behaviors. Additionally, it is suggested that orexin-A deficiency is linked to sleepiness and narcolepsy. The orexins bind to their respective receptors, the orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), and activate different signaling pathways, which results in the mediation of various physiological functions. Orexin receptors are widely expressed in different parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, lungs, and bone marrow. The expression levels of orexins and their receptors play a crucial role in apoptosis, which makes them a potential target for clinical treatment of various disorders. This article delves into the significance of orexins and orexin receptors in the process of apoptosis, highlighting their expression levels and their potential contributions to different diseases. The article offers an overview of the existing understanding of the orexin/receptor system and how it influences the regulation of apoptosis. Copyright © 2024 Cavalu, Saber, Hamad, Abdel-Reheim, Elmorsy and Youssef.

Keywords

apoptosis; cell signaling; CNS disorders; neuroprotection; new therapeutic target; orexins; activating transcription factor 4; caspase 9; cisplatin; G protein coupled receptor; mitochondrial permeability transition pore; neuropeptide Y; orexin; orexin 1 receptor; orexin 2 receptor; orexin A; orexin B; osteoclast differentiation factor; phospholipase C; protein Bax; protein bcl 2; protein p53; reactive oxygen metabolite; tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2; blood pressure; bone marrow; cell proliferation; central nervous system disease; DNA replication; endoplasmic reticulum stress; glucose metabolism; heart rate; homeostasis; human; hydrogen bond; hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system; insulin sensitivity; JNK signaling; lateral amygdala; MAPK signaling; narcolepsy; necroptosis; NF kB signaling; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance; oxidative stress; pancreas cancer; peripheral nervous system; physiological stress; Review; signal transduction; somnolence; X ray crystallography

Citation Information

Scopus Citations: 4

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