Enhancing serological diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis with admixtures of antigens from Schistosoma eggs and worms

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

Bibliographic Information

Authors: Oyeyemi O.T.; Irabor P.C.; Oriade T.O.; Sulaiman K.A.; Adesida A.O.; Afolayan F.I.D.; Auta T.; Odaibo A.B.; Fatem R.G.; Grenfell R.F.Q.

Journal: Journal of Infection in Developing Countries

Publisher: Journal of Infection in Developing Countries

Publication Date: 31 December 2025

Volume / Issue: Volume 19 / Issue 12

Pages: 1897–1903

ISSN: 20366590

DOI: 10.3855/jidc.20406

Scopus: View on Scopus

PubMed: 41529015

Document Type: Article

Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access

Authors and Affiliations

Oyeyemi O.T., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria, Seeding Graduate Laboratory, Tropical Medicine and Diagnostic Development (TMDD) group, University of Medical Science, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria; Irabor P.C., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria, Seeding Graduate Laboratory, Tropical Medicine and Diagnostic Development (TMDD) group, University of Medical Science, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria; Oriade T.O., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria, Seeding Graduate Laboratory, Tropical Medicine and Diagnostic Development (TMDD) group, University of Medical Science, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria; Sulaiman K.A., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria, Seeding Graduate Laboratory, Tropical Medicine and Diagnostic Development (TMDD) group, University of Medical Science, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria; Adesida A.O., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria, Seeding Graduate Laboratory, Tropical Medicine and Diagnostic Development (TMDD) group, University of Medical Science, Ondo State, Ondo, Nigeria; Afolayan F.I.D., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria; Auta T., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria; Odaibo A.B., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fatem R.G., Schistosome Biological Supply Center, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Grenfell R.F.Q., Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States

Abstract

Introduction: Timely and effective diagnosis plays a pivotal role in schistosomiasis control efforts. This study aims to assess the utility of combined Schistosoma haematobium soluble egg antigen (Sh SEA) and S. mansoni worm antigen (Sm SWA) in serological diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis. Methodology: Admixtures containing 10 µg/mL of both Sm SEA and Sh SEA, as well as Sm SWA and Sh SWA, were employed to detect S. haematobium infection via an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera and urine from microscopically confirmed positive samples from an endemic population, along with confirmed negative samples from both endemic (NE) and non-endemic (NNE) populations. Results: The diagnostic performance of Schistosoma eggs and worm antigen mixtures varied depending on sample type and negative endemicity. The Sm SEA and Sh SEA mixtures performed poorly with sera and urine from the pair of positive vs negative endemic samples, as well as positive vs non-endemic samples, but excellently with positive vs negative endemic urine samples pair (sensitivity 91.67%; specificity 66.67%). Conversely, SWA mixtures showed superior performance, particularly with the positive vs negative non-endemic sera samples pair (sensitivity 93.75%; specificity 72.92%). Other SWA-based mixtures, except SWA admixture using urine in positive vs NE samples, exhibited acceptable performance. Antibody titers varied significantly, with higher titers generally observed in negative endemic samples for SWA mixtures and in negative non-endemic urine samples for SEA mixtures (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Combined antigens improve Schistosoma diagnostics: SEA admixtures suit endemic urine samples, while SWA admixtures aid non-endemic sera detection. © 2025 Oyeyemi et al.

Keywords

diagnostic performance; endemicity level; Schistosoma antigen admixtures; schistosomiasis control; Adult; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Male; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serologic Tests; antigen; schistosoma antigen; unclassified drug; helminth antibody; parasite antigen; animal experiment; area under the curve; Article; Bradford assay; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; microscopy; nonhuman; parasitosis; receiver operating characteristic; Schistosoma; schistosoma egg; schistosoma worm; schistosomiasis; serology; statistical analysis; urine sampling; urogenital schistosomiasis; animal; blood; diagnosis; evaluation study; immunology; procedures

Citation Information

Scopus Citations: 0

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