Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-cryptosporidial Effects of Zingiber officinale Extracts: In-vivo and In-Silco Studies

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

Bibliographic Information

Authors: Mohammed E.A.; Alrasheid A.A.; Slshazly M.A.M.; Elwakil E.S.; Abdel-Hameed E.-S.S.; Aly I.R.; Ayoub S.M.H.; Osman E.E.A.; Shemis M.A.; Mohamed S.S.

Journal: Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology (Egypt)

Publisher: Egyptian Society for Medical Microbiology (ESMM)

Publication Date: 1 January 2025

Volume / Issue: Volume 34 / Issue 1

Pages: 183–194

ISSN: 11102179

DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2024.332077.1366

Scopus: View on Scopus

Document Type: Article

Authors and Affiliations

Mohammed E.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan; Alrasheid A.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan; Slshazly M.A.M., Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt; Elwakil E.S., Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt; Abdel-Hameed E.-S.S., Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt; Aly I.R., Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt; Ayoub S.M.H., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan; Osman E.E.A., Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt; Shemis M.A., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt; Mohamed S.S., Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt

Abstract

Background: The intracellular protozoan Cryptosporidium species is a major cause of waterborne disease worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for new treatments. Objective: This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale/ginger) against Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), analyzing its antioxidant properties, phenolic content, and anti-protozoal effects. Methodology: Methanol extraction of air-dried Z. officinale rhizomes was followed by organic solvent fractionation. Total phenolic content was assessed with Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay, and antioxidant activity was measured by the phosphomolybdenum method. An in vivo study on dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice included seven groups: uninfected control, infected model, and five infected groups treated with different extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, aqueous, petroleum ether) or nitazoxanide as a reference drug. Results: The most effective extract regarding oocyst reduction was methanol (89%). Molecular docking revealed robust binding to a target protein in C. parvum, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed for the identification of important active chemicals. The highest levels of antioxidant activity and phenolic content were found in the ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract of Z. officinale exhibited strong antioxidant properties and high phenolic content. Methanol extract demonstrated significant anti-cryptosporidial effects, reducing oocyst shedding, suggesting it as a promising natural therapeutic option. By linking ginger's chemical makeup to its biological activity using molecular docking, the study shed light on how ginger works against C. parvum opening the door for further therapeutic advancement. © 2025, Egyptian Society for Medical Microbiology (ESMM). All rights reserved.

Keywords

anti-protozoal; antioxidant; Cryptosporidium; phenolic content; Zingiber officinale

Citation Information

Scopus Citations: 2

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