Influence of Chlorella vulgaris and Pediastrum boryanum extracts carried on nanocellulose on the immune response of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails against Schistosoma mansoni infection

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

Bibliographic Information

Authors: Saleh H.A.; Ragab T.I.M.; Sayed S.S.M.

Journal: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Publisher: Elsevier B.V.

Publication Date: 2025

Volume / Issue: Volume 289

Article No.: 138584

ISSN: 1418130

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138584

Scopus: View on Scopus

PubMed: 39689788

Document Type: Article

Access: All Open Access; Hybrid Gold Open Access

Authors and Affiliations

Saleh H.A., Environmental Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Imbaba, 12411, Egypt; Ragab T.I.M., Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt; Sayed S.S.M., Environmental Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Imbaba, 12411, Egypt

Abstract

Continuous efforts are made to explore alternative methods for reducing Schistosomiasis. So, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Chlorella vulgaris and Pediastrum boryanum extracts carried on their nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as immunostimulants for Biomphalaria alexandrina snails against Schistosoma mansoni infection. The results showed that the lowest cercarial shedding/snail was 340 and 330 with 400 mg/L of C. vulgaris extract and NCC + C. vulgaris extract, respectively. Meanwhile, it was decreased with 200 mg/L of P. boryanum extract and 400 mg/L of NCC + P. boryanum extract, with high survival rates for all treatments. In addition, snails treated with 400 mg/L of C. vulgaris extract and 200 and 400 mg/L of NCC + C. vulgaris extract showed a significant decrease in the contents of hydrogen peroxide (0.639, 0.426, and 0.564 mM/L), respectively, compared to the control group (0.695 mM/L). Furthermore, C. vulgaris extracts induced numerous hemocytes around immature cercariae and sporocysts. P. boryanum extracts showed degenerated sporocysts surrounded by plenty of hemocytes. Nanocellulose carriers improved the delivery of microalgal components within B. alexandrina snails, causing the cercariae to lose their ideal shape. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that C. vulgaris and P. boryanum extracts contained oleic acid, which improved the immunological response of snails, and glutamic acid and flavonoids acted as immune modulators and antioxidants. Ultimately, the toxicity assay indicated that NCC + C. vulgaris extract and NCC + P. boryanum extract were the safest for Artemia salina as a non-target aquatic organism. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords

Artemia salina; Chlorella vulgaris; Histopathology; Immunostimulants; Nanocrystalline cellulose; Pediastrum boryanum; Schistosomiasis; Algae; Control Systems; Delivery; Diseases; Extractives; Flavonoids; Gas Chromatography; Glutamic Acid; Animals; Biomphalaria; Cellulose; Nanoparticles; Plant Extracts; Schistosoma mansoni; Cell culture; Cellulose nanocrystals; Nanocellulose; Shellfish; algal extract; antioxidant; Chlorella extract; flavonoid; hydrogen peroxide; immunostimulating agent; Pediastrum boryanum extract; unclassified drug; nanoparticle; plant extract; Nano-cellulose; Nanocrystallines; Vulgaris; Artemia; Article; Biomphalaria alexandrina; blood cell; controlled study; electron impact mass spectrometry; energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; hemolymph; high resolution transmission electron microscopy; immune response; incubation time; mass fragmentography; microalga; nonhuman; particle size; scanning electron microscopy; schistosomiasis mansoni; snail; sporocyst; survival rate; ultrasound; animal; chemistry; drug effect; parasitology

Citation Information

Scopus Citations: 2

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